Photo French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State

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December 9, 1905, 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State
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The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and State (French: Loi du 9 décembre 1905 concernant la séparation des Églises et de l'État) was voted by the Chamber of Deputies on 9 December 1905. Passed by the Third Republic, it established state secularism in France. France was then governed by the Bloc des gauches (Left Coalition) led by Emile Combes.

The law was based on three principles: the neutrality of the state, the freedom of religious exercise, and public powers related to the church. This law is seen as the backbone of the French principle of laïcité. The law famously states "The Republic neither recognizes, nor salaries, nor subsidizes any religion".

Although officially established through the 1905 law, the concept of state secularism in France is often traced to the French Revolution beginning in 1789. Before that time, Roman Catholicism had been the state religion of France. However, the revolution led to various changes, including a brief separation of Church and State in 1795, ended by Napoleon's establishment of the Church of France with the Concordat of 1801. An important document in the evolution toward religious liberty was the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, stating that...

“No one may be disturbed on account of his opinions, even religious ones, as long as the manifestation of such opinions does not interfere with the established Law and Order.”

Nevertheless, the French state continued to fund four official religions into the 20th century: Roman Catholicism, Calvinist and Lutheran Protestantism, and Judaism. It built churches, temples, synagogues and other religious buildings from taxes levied on the whole population (not just those affiliated with those religions).

The 1871 Paris Commune had proclaimed state secularism on April 3, 1871, but it had been cancelled following its defeat.

After the May 16, 1877 crisis and the victory of the Republicans at the following elections, various draft laws requesting the suppression of the Concordat of 1801 were deposed, starting with Charles Boysset's July 31, 1879 proposition Thereafter, the Third Republic established secular education with the Jules Ferry laws in 1881-82, which were one of the first base of the firm establishment of the Republican regime in France. In 1886, another law insured secularisation of the teaching staff of the National Education. On July 30, 1904, the Chamber of Deputies voted, against Emile Combes' wish, the rupture of diplomatic relations with the Vatican, following the sanction, by the Holy See, of two French bishops who had declared themselves Republicans and in favor of conciliation with the Republic — they would be re-established only in 1921, after the Senate accepted to vote Aristide Briand's proposition.

From Wikipedia